Electrons in graphene can flow like a perfect liquid
This exotic state of matter allows charge to flow with less resistance than water, mimicking the primordial soup that existed moments after the Big Bang.
In most metals, electrons act like a disorganized crowd, bumping into impurities and scattering in every direction. However, inside a single-layer sheet of carbon known as graphene, electrons can be coaxed into a collective dance. When hitting a specific quantum boundary called the Dirac point, these particles stop behaving like individual bullets and start flowing like a synchronized, nearly frictionless liquid. This transition is so radical that it violates the Wiedemann-Franz law, a 150-year-old physics rule stating that heat and electricity must move through metals at a fixed, proportional rate.